Pythagoras was wrong: there are no universal musical harmoniesThe tone and tuning of musical instruments has the power to manipulate our appreciation of harmony, new research shows. The findings challenge centuries of Western music theory and encourage greater experimentation with instruments from different cultures. There are many more kinds of harmony out there Peter Harrison According to the Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras, 'consonance' - a pleasant-sounding combination of notes - is produced by special relationships between simple numbers such as 3 and 4.